Longitudinal changes in mental health outcomes after COVID-19 hospitalization: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The long-term trends of COVID-19 mental sequelae remain unknown. Thus, this study aimed to survey the one-year temporal trends of PTSD and health-related quality of life of COVID-19 survivors. METHODS: Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were followed up at three, six, and 12 months after discharge. Patients with COVID-19 who were able to communicate and complete the questionnaires were included in the study. All participants were asked to complete the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health (SF-36) survey and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The cutoff point of 24/25 of IES-R was defined as preliminary PTSD. Patients exhibiting PTSD symptoms at six months or later were regarded as "delayed patients," while those exhibiting PTSD symptoms at all the time points were "persistent patients." RESULTS: Of the 98 patients screened between June and November 2020, 72 participated in the study. A total of 11 (15.3%) had preliminary PTSD at three months, 10 (13.9%) at six months, and 10 (13.9%) at 12 months; delayed and persistent patients were four patients (7.54%) each. Patients with preliminary PTSD had lower mental summary scores in SF-36; 47 (IQR 45, 53) for patients with preliminary PTSD and 60 (49, 64) without preliminary PTSD at three months, 50 (45, 51) and 58 (52, 64) at six months, and 46 (38, 52) and 59 (52, 64) at 12 months. CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers should care about the courses of PTSD in COVID-19 survivors and be aware that patients with PTSD symptoms may have a lower health-related quality of life.

Clinical features and mechanism of liver injury in patients with mild or moderate coronavirus disease 2019.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We aimed to identify clinical features that suggest that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should be a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with a chief complaint of fever and abnormal liver function. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the presence or absence of abnormal liver function in 216 patients diagnosed with mild-moderate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection between February and September 2020. RESULTS: Abnormal liver function was observed in 51 patients with mild-moderate COVID-19. The median peak aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were 57.5, 75.5, and 332.5 U/L, respectively. The median number of days from symptom onset to peak AST, ALT, and LDH were 8.5, 9, and 8.5, respectively. The median peak LDH/AST ratio was 9.0. Low lymphocyte-to-white blood cell ratio and elevated LDH were found to be independent contributing factors for intensive care unit (ICU) admission on a multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: AST-predominant AST/ALT/LDH elevation peaking 8-9 days after symptom onset and not accompanied by elevated alkaline phosphatase or gamma-glutamyl transferase may be a useful clinical feature for differentiating COVID-19 from other diseases. Since the median LDH/AST ratio was 9.0, it seems that the abnormal liver function caused by SARS-CoV-2 is an indirect damage to liver cells due to elevated cytokine levels caused by liver-infiltrating lymphocytes. SARS-CoV-2 infection should be considered in patients presenting with a chief complaint of fever and liver injury; those with a high lymphocyte-to-white blood cell ratio or and a high LDH/AST ratio may be admitted to the ICU.